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Essay questions
Inner environment, blood
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1.
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Milleau Interieur, compartments, changes of water compartments
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2.
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Volume quantification of fluid compartments
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3.
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Factors influencing the EC and IC compartmetns; anelectrolite and electrolite components of the blood plasma
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4.
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Components of osmotic pressure; functions, fractination and changes of plasma proteins
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5.
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Interstitia fluid (ISF): transport through the capillary wall; measurement and composition of ISF
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Blood
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6.
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Physiological role of the blood, definitions and changes in blood volumes
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7.
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Red blood cells and the hemoglobin
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8.
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Neutrophyl and basophyl granulocytes
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9.
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Eosinohyl granulocytes, mononuclear phagocytes, thrombocytes
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10.
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Human and animal blood groups
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11.
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Haemostasis (except coagulation cascade mechanism) and stopping blood coagulation
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12.
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Haemostasis: coagulation cascade mechanism
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Immunphysiology
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13.
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Organs, Cells and their functions of the Immune System, Natural Immunity
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14.
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Adaptive (acquired) immune response; structure of the antigens and immunoglobulins
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15.
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The Complement-system, Humoral immunity, B lymphocytes and self-restriction
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16.
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Cellular immunity, maturation and function of T-lymphocytes
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Muscle physiology
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17.
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The regulation of muscle work and muscle-nerve connection: the motor unit
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18.
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Molecular aspects of muscle contraction, electromechanical coupling and the cross-bridge cycle
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19.
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Types of striated muscles, energy sources of muscle functioning, oxygen debt, heat production and muscle fatigue
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20.
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Macroscopic events of muscle contraction, length-tension diagram: working range and power of the muscle
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21.
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Characteristics of smooth muscle
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Physiology of the Heart
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22.
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Electrical properties of cellular elements in the heart: the membrane potential, pacemaker and conducting system
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23.
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Electrical properties of working muscle fibers in the heart; the electromechanical coupling
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24.
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Electrocardiogram; analysis of ECG
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25.
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Mechanical properties of the heart; Starling's law
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26.
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Parameters of the cardiac cycle; volume fractions; factors influencing cardiac output
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27.
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The cardiac cycle
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28.
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The blood pressure in different parts of the circulatory system; Factors maintaining the blood pressure in arteries
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29.
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Blood pressure values in the resistance part (arteries) of the circulation, the blood pressure measurement; pulse
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30.
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Physiological characteristics of microcirculation; exchange of substances in capillaries with diffusion and filtration-resorption
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31.
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Physiological characteristics of venous circulation
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32.
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Local factors of cardiovascular regulation
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33.
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Central factors of cardiovascular regulation
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34.
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Properties of circulation in the coronaries, the skin, the brain, splanchnic circulation, and the fetal circulation.
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Physiology of Respiration
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35.
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Respiratory tracts, respiratory movements, panting
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36.
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Measurable and calculable fractions of respiratory air fractions, ventilation coefficient; perfusion of the lungs
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37.
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Pressure changes during respiration, the respiratory work, compliance
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38.
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Gas diffusion in the lungs; the transport of oxygen, and carbon dioxide
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39.
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The regulation of respiration
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40.
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The respiration of birds, the respiration of cattle
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Physiology of the Kidney
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41.
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Basic physiological functions of the kidney: filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion
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42.
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Important parameters of renal function (clearance, extraction, RPF, RBF, GFR)
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43.
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Transport processes in the proximal tubule
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44.
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Transport in the Henle-loop and the distal convoluted tubule; transport of ammonia and potassium
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45.
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Transport at the distal connective tubule and at the collecting tubule; water transport
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46.
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Osmotic gradient and osmotic capacity of the kidney
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47.
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Neural and autoregulation of renal circulation
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48.
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Osmoregulation, antidiuretic hormone
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49.
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Volume regulation in the kidney, Renin-Angiotensin System, aldosterone and ANP
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50.
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The urinary tract and the process of urination
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Physiology of digestion
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51.
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Neurohormonal regulation of food intake and gastrintestinal tract
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52.
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Food intake, salivary secretion, process of swallowing
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53.
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Motoric activity and electrophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract
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54.
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Secretion and regulation of gastric juice
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55.
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The exocrine function of the pancreas, pancreas enzymes, regulation of pancreatic juice secretion
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56.
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Production, functions and regulation of the bile
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57.
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Catabolism and absorption of carbohydrates
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58.
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Catabolism and absorption of lipids
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59.
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Catabolism and absorption of the proteins
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60.
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Electrolyte cycle of intestinal canal, water transport, iron absorption
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61.
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Digestion in the colon, feces formation, defaecatio
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62.
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Motility of the forestomachs, eructation, rumination
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63.
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Avian digestion
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Energy metabolism, Heat balance
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64.
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Combustion heat of nutrients, utilization of energy content of nutrients in the body
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65.
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Basal- and resting energy metabolism, factors affecting metabolic rate
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66.
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Calorimetryc methods, the definition and importance of the respiratory quotient
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67.
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The heat balance, and the effect of the environmental temperature.
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68.
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Heat balance regulation
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69.
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Thermogenesis at the cellular level; function of cells, organelles, molecules and tissues in thermogenesis
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Bone and minerals
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70.
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Role of calcium and phosphorus, absorption, distribution and excretion
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71.
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The role of the osteoblast, osteoclast and osteocyte
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72.
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The role of the PTH, calcitonin, and the D-hormone in the Ca balance
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Endocrinology
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73.
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Classification of hormones; Scatchard Analysis; feed-back mechanism
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74.
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Communication among cells, Intracellular receptor signaling
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75.
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Membrane receptor signaling
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76.
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Hypothalamic factors influencing the adenohypophysis, hormones of the neurohypophysis
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77.
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Growth hormone
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78.
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Hormones of adenohypophysis (except growth hormone)
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79.
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The pineal gland
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80.
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The thyroid hormones
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81.
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Synthesis, regulation and physiological effects of glucocorticoids
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82.
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Pharmacological effect of glucocorticoids, and the physiology of the stress
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83.
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Mineralocorticoids
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84.
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Catecholamines
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85.
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Insulin and glucagon
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86.
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Eicosanoids and autacoids
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Reproduction
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87.
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Neuroendocrine regulation of reproduction
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88.
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Proestrus
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89.
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Estrus
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90.
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Metestrus, diestrus, anestrus
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91.
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Fertilization, embryogenesis; maternal recognition of pregnancy
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92.
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Endocrinology of pregnancy; fetoplacental endocrine unit
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93.
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The endocrinology of parturition; birth
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94.
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Mammary gland development, lactogenesis
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95.
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Male genitals, hormone regulation in the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis
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96.
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The role of accessory sexual glands in males, male sexual reflexes
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97.
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Reproduction of birds
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Neurophysiology
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98.
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Membrane potential, local response and action potential, propagation of the action potential
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99.
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Axonal transport and synaptic transmission, sensors, types of ion channels
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100.
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General characteristic of the spinal cord, neural networks, Rexed zones, Dermatomes
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101.
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The reflexes and movement patterns
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102.
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Autonomic Nervous System
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103.
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Sensory mechanisms in the central nervous system; physiology of pain
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104.
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Posture control in the central nervous system
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105.
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Intentional movements and the cerebellum
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106.
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The physiology of sleeping; the reticular formation
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107.
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The limbic system, behavior
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108.
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Physiological methods of information storage and retrieval - memory and the different levels of learning
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109.
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Receptors, taste, olfaction
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110.
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Vision, Cellular mechanism of light perception, color vision
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111.
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Object viewing, visual acuity, visual field, visual pathway
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112.
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Inner ear; vestibular appartus and hearing
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Randomly selected two essay questions:
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Physiology of the Heart
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27. Parameters of the cardiac cycle; volume fractions; factors influencing cardiac output
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Neurophysiology
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111. Object viewing, visual acuity, visual field, visual pathway
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